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Telephone is a communication tool which is used to deliver voice messages (especially messages in the form of conversations). Most phones operate using the transmission of an electric signals in the telephone network to enable telephone users to communicate with other users.

The basic principle of the phone

When the receiver was appointed, called the telephone off hook position. Then the circuit is divided into two lanes where the positive part will serve as a tip that shows the number zero, while the negative part will serve as a ring that shows the number-48V DC. Both of these lines which will process the message from the sender to get to the receiver. In order to produce sound on the phone, an electrical signal is transmitted over a telephone line which is then converted into signals that can be heard by the telephone receiver. For analog technology, the transmission of analog signals transmitted from the central office (CO) is converted to digital transmission. The figures for the phone number is the combination of tones and a specific frequency which is then called the Dual-tone multi-frequency DTMF and has units of Hertz. The main relationships that exist in the circuit will be on the hook when it opens, then will appear the vibration. Noise that appears in the recipient’s phone indicating the phone is ready to be used.

History of telephone
- The early development

1. 1871, Antonio Meucci patented invention called sound Telegraph. Discovery to allow for communication in the form of voice between two people using the intermediary cable.
2. 1875, The Bell telecommunications companies obtain patents for his invention of Meucci who called transmitters and Receivers for Electric Telegraphs. The system uses multiple vibration of steel to give pause to the circuit.
3. 1876​​, Bell patented the company’s Improvement in Telegraphy. This system provides a method for transmitting a telegraph noise.
4. 1877, The Charles Williams Shop is the place where the telephone was first made with the supervision of Watson, who later became the department’s research and development of the telecommunications company. Alexander Graham Bell continued to monitor the productivity of the company so that at the end of the year as many as three hundred phone can be used. Bell company also has patented electro-magnetic telephone using permanent magnets, iron diaphragms, and the ringing call.
5. 1878, the board found a replacement to manually allowing many telephone exchanges are connected via a channel. under the leadership of Theodore N. Vail, the Bell companies have a 10 000 phone that can be used.
6. 1880, the first metallic circuit installed. This circuit is a circuit perbaharuan of one-two-wire to wire. These updates help reduce the disruption that is often perceived by the use of one-wire line.
7. 1891, dial the phone number is first used. Telephone will work automatically connects callers to the operator by pressing the dial by the instruction.
8. 1915, a phone with a wireless system was first used. This system enables users to connect with the phone across the country.

Telephone IP

Telephone IP (Internet Protocol) is a new technology that uses telephone internet protocol in operation. IP Telephone can be used to move the relationship to change the sound, send a fax, video packages, and other forms of information delivery that has been used in previous phone system. IP Telephone use the internet connection to transmit data. During its development, IP phone service will work with local telephone companies, long-distance providers like AT & T, cabel TV companies, Internet Service Providers (ISPs), and wireless service operators. IP Telephone is an important part in the merger between computers, telephones, and television in a single communications environment. VoIP (Voice over IP) is an organization to standardize IP telephony. VoIP is used as the basis for a unified message (UM) and unified communications (UC). Without VoIP, integration of various server programs will be difficult. Existing network at the IP is not the type who is ready to face the VoIP traffic must be divided between the LAN system with voice VLAN and data.

New telephone

Next-generation networks (NGN) to change the approach of “one network, one service” to the delivery of various services over a single network. Is based on the system internet protocol (IP), NGN is built on network development broadband, Voice over IP (VoIP), convergence fixed-mobile and IP television (IPTV). This new generation network using a technology such as wireless and mobile, fiber and cable, or the renewal of the existing copper lines. Countries that have adopted this technology are developed countries. Developing countries can adopt this NGN technology using wireless broadband access, making the development of information and communication technology (ICT) can remove barriers to innovate and invest. In the development of NGN technology, there are two technologies that play a role in the network based on optical transmission, namely SDH and DWDM. The ability to send bandwidth to achieve SDH STM-64 (10 Gbps), while at 2.5 Gbps DWDM is nx or nx 10 Gbps (n is the number of wavelengths). Risks of the amount of capacity of these technologies is considerable loss of information when a failure occurs in the transmission network. Protection systems are commonly used in NGN is the protection, link protection, protection based on the topology, and optical channel protection (DWDM). On the protection system, the signal from channel line protection will be removed and transferred to the working channel if the signal received from the sending end of the line is working correctly. In the link protection system, the physical link that used to be the subject of protection processing. However, the protection is used in the NGN relies heavily on the needs of the network itself. Overall type of protection is no protection that meets all the requirements of NGN.